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Sexism in Sports Bibliography
Sexism refers to the discrimination of a person based on their sex or gender. In sports, different genders are discriminated simply due to the stereotyping that a certain gender is more superior than the other. There are various cases of sexism in sports.
Kian, Edward M. “Study examines stereotypes in two national newspapers.” Newspaper Research Journal 29.3 (2008): 38-49.
The article was written to highlight the plight of women in sports journalism. The purpose of the article is to analyze stereotypes between two national newspapers “The New York Times” and “USA Today”. The two articles deal with college basketball and counters on specific stereotypes found in previous studies on television commentary of March madness. The article uses a content analysis to determine the descriptors in the newspaper content of March Madness. The results of the study indicated that a majority of the articles on March Madness published in both newspapers focused on men’s basketball. The dominance of the men’s tournament coverage was evident when the newspaper USA Today published a 26-page two-part, pullout bonus sections of the “March Madness preview.” In this newspaper, the content that included articles, photographs and breakout boxes were mostly in regards to the men’s basketball tournament. In contrast, the women’s seeds and pairings were not released at the same time but were released later in the evening in the special section. The newspaper ‘USA Today’ never published the content of the women’s tournament but in contrast, published more stories on the men’s tournament and thus discriminating against the women. Conclusion: The most interesting finding was that reporters from both “The New York Times” and “USA To-day” were more likely to use descriptors on physical appearances/attire and personal relation- ships/family roles when writing about men’s basketball, contradicting previous studies, the vast majority of which found descriptors on physical appearances or personal lives used more often in media commentary on women in sport.
Angelini, James R., Paul J. MacArthur, and Andrew C. Billings. “What’s the gendered story? Vancouver’s prime time Olympic glory on NBC.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 56.2 (2012): 261-279.
The article “What’s the gendered story? Vancouver’s Prime Time Olympic Glory on NBC”, the author does a great job in highlighting the plight of women in sports. In this article, the author makes an analysis of the previous Olympic media studies that have depicted that NBC was more likely to be biased in relation to sports. The author states that in the previous Olympic, NBC’s Winter Olympic telecast is far much likely to promote and advance men athletes and sports while at the same time looking down on women’s athletes and sports. According to the present study of the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympic telecast, there is vivid evidence of gender divisions. An analysis of the 64 hours NBC’s telecast reveals several observations. One of the observations includes, when excluding the mixed-gender competitions, women received than two-fifths of the telecast. During the telecast, 75% of the most mentioned athletes happened to be men, and this is a clear indication that women were discriminated during the telecast. Little emphasis was given to women than men, not only in mentioning but also on more telecasts. Conclusion: Gender influences what sports will be shown, who is shown, the amount that they are shown, and the language that will be used to set the terms of this mediated debate.
Schoch, Lucie, and Fabien Ohl. “Women sports journalists in Switzerland: Between assignment and negotiation of roles.” Sociology of Sport Journal 28.2 (2011): 189-208.
The purpose of this paper is to examine women sports journalists’ working experiences in the Swiss daily press context. The study was conducted through interviews and observations of the 27 women journalists in their field, taking their work experiences in regards to the relationship between their positions in the field and their ethos and hexis. The results of the study suggested that women had no easy time in dominating journalism in the region and thus used various ways to make it through the field. Among the strategies used by women journalists in the attempt to negotiate their experiences include; conforming to the dominant male ethos. Through women trying to act like men means that women, by acting like themselves, cannot be able to negotiate a place in the Swiss journalism making it hard for women due to discrimination. Another way is through threating the orthodoxy as well as resisting while hijacking the assigned role. The article plays a great role in highlighting the stereotyping of women in sports journalism as the sports field is dominated by males. Conclusion: The external and structural changes reduce the autonomy of the subfield: the male editors have less power to recruit male journalists who still dominate this social space and impose the traditional doxa as the standard for quality work. At the same time, the diversity of female journalists’ social background and experiences is expressed through a diversity of attitudes toward the dominant doxa. Therefore, the increased number of female journalists and their work strategies are slowly changing the field of sports journalism in Switzerland.
Madkour, Abraham. “Women in sports media cite progress, obstacles.” Sports Business Journal, sportsbusinessdaily.com. 2017. Retrieved from: https://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2017/03/06/Opinion/From-The-Executive-Editor.aspxMadkour exposes sexism in the media landscape as he discusses the challenges faced by women in sports media. Women face challenges in the sports media because it is a male-dominated field, and therefore, they have to be much prepared and have to fight and be as twice prepared as men. Besides, women have to work hard on their game so that they can be compared on a similar scale. The reason as to why women have to prepare and extra harder is because women’s mistakes are perceived to carry a lot of backlashes as well as a lot of consequences simply because they are females. The article states that women have fought a huge battle and have come a long way in the sports industry, but despite this there has always existed a negative reaction towards them as the audience solely base their perceptions on the acceptable roles of women in sports, perceptions which totally disregards the women’s experience and expertise on sexism. The article is of great value as it helps in bringing into light some of the popular perceptions from the audience to the women in sports media. However, the article may be biased as it is not peer-reviewed. Conclusion: The opportunities are there. The path to success sounds familiar: Hard work, research and preparation. The people focused on those elements are the ones changing the game in sports media and leading it to greater gender diversity.
Nogueira, Abel, et al. “Identification of gender discrimination in sports: Training of agents of change.” Revista de psicología del deporte 27.3 (2018): 0043-49.
The purpose of the study is to identify gender discrimination in sports. The main objective of the study was to assess the degree of satisfaction of the agents of change trained by the university of Leon on the content of the lesson of the Pstyool Educational Platform concerning gender and sports. The study was conducted through questionnaires with a sample population of 17 subjects that included 16 men and 1 woman. The participants were trained and then required to answer questions from the questionnaire. The results of the study in regards to the lesson on gender and sports indicate that the level of satisfaction among the agents of change was high and the average score was 4.22. The lowest score, 4.12 was “Overall, I am satisfied with the lesson” while the highest score 4.35 was in favor of “The lesson has motivated me to look for more information on this topic. The results reveal that the level of satisfaction of the agents of change was really high and particularly so in the perceived value of the contents of the lesson in future. Conclusion: The high level of satisfaction is particularly evident in the amount of interest the agents of change depicted for the study of this lesson and this also serves to indicate just how highly motivating questions related to knowledge and understanding of gender and sports are for the agents.
Franks, Suzanne, and Deirdre O’neill. “Women reporting sport: Still a man’s game?.” Journalism 17.4 (2016): 474-492.
According to past research, sports journalism has remained an area of gender disparity but in the recent times female sports broadcasters have increased their visibility in the UK. The purpose of the study is to look at the actual visibility of women sports journalists in the sports section. The study employs a quantitative content analysis through a count of by-lines to examine the prevalence of female sports writers in some of the main daily newspapers in the UK. It also included a longitudinal study for the second part of the research. The results of the study found that there was a low proportion of female by-lines and the number of female by-lines was not evenly spread out. The second study suggests that there has been a minimal increment in the number of sports journalists over the past years. Conclusion: Both parts of the study found a general trend of invisibility of female sport journalists in the UK papers covered in the analysis.
